重要

Variables and functions should be defined into object, class, function. You can’t define them on the root of a Scala file.

Basics

Types

In Scala, there are 5 major types:

Type	Literal	Description
Boolean	true, false
Int	3, 0x32	32 bits integer
Float	3.14f	32 bits floating point
Double	3.14	64 bits floating point
String	“Hello world”	UTF-16 string

Variables

In Scala, you can define a variable by using the var keyword:

var number : Int = 0
number = 6
number += 4
println(number) // 10

Scala is able to infer the type automatically. You don’t need to specify it if the variable is assigned at declaration:

var number = 0   //The type of 'number' is inferred as an Int during compilation.

However, it’s not very common to use var in Scala. Instead, constant values defined by val are often used:

val two   = 2
val three = 3
val six   = two * three

Functions

For example, if you want to define a function which returns true if the sum of its two arguments is bigger than zero, you can do as follows:

def sumBiggerThanZero(a: Float, b: Float): Boolean = {
  return (a + b) > 0
}

Then, to call this function, you can write:

sumBiggerThanZero(2.3f, 5.4f)

You can also specify arguments by name, which is useful if you have many arguments:

sumBiggerThanZero(
  a = 2.3f,
  b = 5.4f
)

Return

The return keyword is not necessary. In absence of it, Scala takes the last statement of your function as the returned value.

def sumBiggerThanZero(a: Float, b: Float): Boolean = {
  (a + b) > 0
}

Return type inferation

Scala is able to automatically infer the return type. You don’t need to specify it:

def sumBiggerThanZero(a: Float, b: Float) = {
  (a + b) > 0
}

Curly braces

Scala functions don’t require curly braces if your function contains only one statement:

def sumBiggerThanZero(a: Float, b: Float) = (a + b) > 0

Function that returns nothing

If you want a function to return nothing, the return type should be set to Unit. It’s equivalent to the C/C++ void type.

def printer(): Unit = {
  println("1234")
  println("5678")
}

Argument default values

You can specify a default value for each argument of a function:

def sumBiggerThanZero(a: Float, b: Float = 0.0f) = {
  (a + b) > 0
}

Apply

Functions named apply are special because you can call them without having to type their name:

class Array() {
  def apply(index: Int): Int = index + 3
}

val array = new Array()
val value = array(4)   //array(4) is interpreted as array.apply(4) and will return 7

This concept is also applicable for Scala object (static)

object MajorityVote {
  def apply(value: Int): Int = ...
}

val value = MajorityVote(4) // Will call MajorityVote.apply(4)

Object

In Scala, there is no static keyword. In place of that, there is object. Everything defined inside an object definition is static.

The following example defines a static function named pow2 which takes a floating point value as parameter and returns a floating point value as well.

object MathUtils {
  def pow2(value: Float): Float = value * value
}

Then you can call it by writing:

MathUtils.pow2(42.0f)

Entry point (main)

The entry point of a Scala program (the main function) should be defined inside an object as a function named main.

object MyTopLevelMain{
  def main(args: Array[String]) {
    println("Hello world")
  }
}

Class

The class syntax is very similar to Java. Imagine that you want to define a Color class which takes as construction parameters three Float values (r,g,b) :

class Color(r: Float, g: Float, b: Float) {
  def getGrayLevel(): Float = r * 0.3f + g * 0.4f + b * 0.4f
}

Then, to instantiate the class from the previous example and use its getGrayLevel function:

val blue = new Color(0, 0, 1)
val grayLevelOfBlue = blue.getGrayLevel()

Be careful, if you want to access a construction parameter of the class from the outside, this construction parameter should be defined as a val:

class Color(val r: Float, val g: Float, val b: Float) { ... }
...
val blue = new Color(0, 0, 1)
val redLevelOfBlue = blue.r

Inheritance

As an example, suppose that you want to define two classes, Rectangle and Square, which extend the class Shape:

class Shape {
  def getArea(): Float
}

class Square(sideLength: Float) extends Shape {
  override def getArea() = sideLength * sideLength
}

class Rectangle(width: Float, height: Float) extends Shape {
  override def getArea() = width * height
}

Case class

Case class is an alternative way of declaring classes.

case class Rectangle(width: Float, height: Float) extends Shape {
  override def getArea() = width * height
}

Then there are some differences between case class and class :

case classes don’t need the new keyword to be instantiated.
construction parameters are accessible from outside; you don’t need to define them as val.

In SpinalHDL, this explains the reasoning behind the coding conventions: it’s in general recommended to use case class instead of class in order to have less typing and more coherency.

Templates / Type parameterization

Imagine you want to design a class which is a queue of a given datatype, in that case you need to provide a type parameter to the class:

class  Queue[T](){
  def push(that: T) : Unit = ...
  def pop(): T = ...
}

If you want to restrict the T type to be a sub class of a given type (for example Shape), you can use the <: Shape syntax :

class Shape() {
    def getArea(): Float
}
class Rectangle() extends Shape { ... }

class  Queue[T <: Shape]() {
  def push(that: T): Unit = ...
  def pop(): T = ...
}

The same is possible for functions:

def doSomething[T <: Shape](shape: T): Something = { shape.getArea() }